Buffalo 13 ESE

At a climate reference station in Harding County, South Dakota

At a climate reference station

USCRN network, identified by the register

Identifier: 94081
Latitude: 45.51000 N
Longitude: 103.30000 W
Elevation: 2,883 ft
Rank: 513of 806 in South Dakota, Oct 16
Observed: 6:00 AMCDT, 2 hours ago
Air temperature: 23F
What it feels like: 23F
High so far today: 36.5F
Low so far today: 23F
Dew point: 20F
Relative humidity: 88%
Wind: 1mph
Strongest wind today: 10mph
Precipitation today: 0in
Ground surface temperature: 22.1F

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Station charts

Buffalo 13 ESE Report

Rank 513 of 806 in South Dakota, Oct 16. The 247 rank orders a state's stations by their 247 score out of 100: how reliably they report, how accurate their readings are against a reference station, how their readings pass their checks, and how they stand against the forecast.

Rank: 513of 806 in South Dakota, Oct 16
Schedule: every 5 min
Reports received, 24 hours: 273 of 28894.7% of its schedule
Reports received, 7 days: 2,001 of 2,01699.2% of its schedule
Days reported, 30 days: 30 of 30
Longest silence, 7 days: 2 h 18 minfrom Oct 16, 5:00 AM
Latest report: Oct 16, 5:00 AMlocal time

Its schedule is one report every 5 min, 288 in 24 hours. Two reports in the same 5 min count as one received.

24 hours7 days30 days

The readings these charts were drawn from, as a table

Hour	Temperature F	Dew point F	Relative humidity %	Wind mph	Reports
Fri 16, 5 AM	23.0	20.0	88	1	1
Fri 16, 4 AM	26.0	22.4	86	2	12
Fri 16, 3 AM	27.4	23.9	87	2	12
Fri 16, 2 AM	30.4	25.8	83	3	12
Fri 16, 1 AM	32.3	26.5	79	4	12
Fri 16, 12 AM	35.2	27.5	73	9	12
Thu 15, 11 PM	37.9	27.7	-	10	12
Thu 15, 10 PM	40.3	27.8	-	11	12
Thu 15, 9 PM	41.8	27.0	-	14	12
Thu 15, 8 PM	42.4	26.3	-	16	12
Thu 15, 7 PM	42.7	26.3	-	15	12
Thu 15, 6 PM	42.1	26.1	-	16	12
Thu 15, 5 PM	42.3	26.3	-	19	12
Thu 15, 4 PM	42.4	26.4	-	19	12
Thu 15, 3 PM	42.3	27.0	-	18	12
Thu 15, 2 PM	41.9	27.0	-	20	12
Thu 15, 1 PM	43.0	26.7	-	19	12
Thu 15, 12 PM	44.2	27.2	-	22	12
Thu 15, 11 AM	43.9	28.0	-	20	12
Thu 15, 10 AM	45.4	30.3	-	19	12
Thu 15, 9 AM	43.8	31.9	-	16	12
Thu 15, 8 AM	42.5	34.6	-	11	12

Left out: the temperature, which read 46.58 F in 26 reports in a row from Oct 11, 2026, the mark of a sensor that has stuck.

The readings these charts were drawn from, as a table

Hour	Temperature F	Dew point F	Relative humidity %	Wind mph	Reports
Fri 16, 5 AM	23.0	20.0	88	1	1
Fri 16, 4 AM	26.0	22.4	86	2	12
Fri 16, 3 AM	27.4	23.9	87	2	12
Fri 16, 2 AM	30.4	25.8	83	3	12
Fri 16, 1 AM	32.3	26.5	79	4	12
Fri 16, 12 AM	35.2	27.5	73	9	12
Thu 15, 11 PM	37.9	27.7	-	10	12
Thu 15, 10 PM	40.3	27.8	-	11	12
Thu 15, 9 PM	41.8	27.0	-	14	12
Thu 15, 8 PM	42.4	26.3	-	16	12
Thu 15, 7 PM	42.7	26.3	-	15	12
Thu 15, 6 PM	42.1	26.1	-	16	12
Thu 15, 5 PM	42.3	26.3	-	19	12
Thu 15, 4 PM	42.4	26.4	-	19	12
Thu 15, 3 PM	42.3	27.0	-	18	12
Thu 15, 2 PM	41.9	27.0	-	20	12
Thu 15, 1 PM	43.0	26.7	-	19	12
Thu 15, 12 PM	44.2	27.2	-	22	12
Thu 15, 11 AM	43.9	28.0	-	20	12
Thu 15, 10 AM	45.4	30.3	-	19	12
Thu 15, 9 AM	43.8	31.9	-	16	12
Thu 15, 8 AM	42.5	34.6	-	11	12
Thu 15, 7 AM	39.3	34.7	-	7	12
Thu 15, 6 AM	38.8	34.5	-	2	12
Thu 15, 5 AM	40.7	36.2	-	2	12
Thu 15, 4 AM	41.6	38.5	-	2	12
Thu 15, 3 AM	42.1	40.4	-	1	12
Thu 15, 2 AM	44.0	41.7	-	1	12
Thu 15, 1 AM	46.7	43.8	-	1	12
Thu 15, 12 AM	47.0	44.2	-	2	12
Wed 14, 11 PM	46.6	43.8	-	2	12
Wed 14, 10 PM	46.2	43.0	-	3	12
Wed 14, 9 PM	46.3	43.5	-	3	12
Wed 14, 8 PM	46.3	43.4	-	3	12
Wed 14, 7 PM	46.9	42.9	-	4	12
Wed 14, 6 PM	48.7	41.6	-	4	12
Wed 14, 5 PM	53.0	37.4	-	4	12
Wed 14, 4 PM	54.8	37.3	-	5	12
Wed 14, 3 PM	55.9	37.0	-	6	12
Wed 14, 2 PM	56.1	36.4	-	5	12
Wed 14, 1 PM	57.0	35.4	-	6	12
Wed 14, 12 PM	56.2	35.4	-	4	12
Wed 14, 11 AM	53.0	36.1	-	3	12
Wed 14, 10 AM	48.7	37.9	-	3	12
Wed 14, 9 AM	42.4	38.4	-	1	12
Wed 14, 8 AM	32.9	30.5	-	1	12
Wed 14, 7 AM	27.5	24.8	-	1	12
Wed 14, 6 AM	25.9	23.3	-	2	12
Wed 14, 5 AM	26.4	23.9	-	1	12
Wed 14, 4 AM	25.8	23.4	-	1	12
Wed 14, 3 AM	26.0	23.7	-	0	12
Wed 14, 2 AM	25.9	23.7	-	1	12
Wed 14, 1 AM	28.0	26.0	-	0	12
Wed 14, 12 AM	28.7	26.6	-	1	12
Tue 13, 11 PM	30.4	28.1	-	0	12
Tue 13, 10 PM	33.4	30.7	-	1	12
Tue 13, 9 PM	37.3	33.0	-	1	12
Tue 13, 8 PM	41.0	35.0	-	2	12
Tue 13, 7 PM	43.9	35.9	-	2	12
Tue 13, 6 PM	46.3	35.9	-	2	12
Tue 13, 5 PM	50.3	35.4	-	4	12
Tue 13, 4 PM	51.3	34.9	-	4	12
Tue 13, 3 PM	49.9	35.3	-	4	12
Tue 13, 2 PM	47.9	34.9	-	4	12
Tue 13, 1 PM	47.3	34.3	-	6	12
Tue 13, 12 PM	45.3	33.8	-	5	12
Tue 13, 11 AM	43.8	33.8	-	4	12
Tue 13, 10 AM	41.1	33.1	-	3	12
Tue 13, 9 AM	40.2	31.8	-	2	12
Tue 13, 8 AM	39.7	32.1	-	2	12
Tue 13, 7 AM	39.1	32.7	-	3	12
Tue 13, 6 AM	39.0	33.0	-	3	12
Tue 13, 5 AM	39.1	32.9	-	2	12
Tue 13, 4 AM	39.2	32.9	-	3	12
Tue 13, 3 AM	39.1	32.9	-	3	12
Tue 13, 2 AM	39.2	32.6	-	5	12
Tue 13, 1 AM	39.9	32.2	-	5	12
Tue 13, 12 AM	40.3	32.1	-	5	12
Mon 12, 11 PM	40.7	32.5	-	4	12
Mon 12, 10 PM	40.9	32.5	-	5	12
Mon 12, 9 PM	41.2	32.4	-	5	12
Mon 12, 8 PM	41.6	32.2	-	7	12
Mon 12, 7 PM	42.1	32.8	-	7	12
Mon 12, 6 PM	42.9	33.5	-	7	12
Mon 12, 5 PM	43.7	34.2	-	9	12
Mon 12, 4 PM	45.1	35.6	-	10	12
Mon 12, 3 PM	46.7	36.3	-	10	12
Mon 12, 2 PM	47.0	36.8	-	11	12
Mon 12, 1 PM	47.1	37.9	-	11	12
Mon 12, 12 PM	47.1	39.6	-	11	12
Mon 12, 11 AM	45.4	41.4	-	10	12
Mon 12, 10 AM	44.4	41.2	-	6	12
Mon 12, 9 AM	43.1	40.8	-	4	12
Mon 12, 8 AM	42.2	40.3	-	5	12
Mon 12, 7 AM	42.3	40.2	-	4	12
Mon 12, 6 AM	42.2	40.3	-	2	12
Mon 12, 5 AM	41.9	40.1	-	3	12
Mon 12, 4 AM	41.8	39.9	-	4	12
Mon 12, 3 AM	41.9	39.8	-	4	12
Mon 12, 2 AM	42.1	39.7	-	4	12
Mon 12, 1 AM	42.0	39.6	-	8	12
Mon 12, 12 AM	42.2	39.7	-	9	12
Sun 11, 11 PM	42.5	40.0	-	10	12
Sun 11, 10 PM	43.1	40.5	-	5	12
Sun 11, 9 PM	43.7	41.2	-	6	12
Sun 11, 8 PM	43.8	41.5	-	6	12
Sun 11, 7 PM	44.6	42.1	-	6	12
Sun 11, 6 PM	45.5	43.0	-	7	12
Sun 11, 5 PM	46.3	43.3	-	7	12
Sun 11, 4 PM	47.1	42.9	-	7	12
Sun 11, 3 PM	47.4	43.3	-	7	12
Sun 11, 2 PM	47.6	44.3	-	7	12
Sun 11, 1 PM	48.2	44.4	-	6	12
Sun 11, 12 PM	49.0	44.2	-	5	12
Sun 11, 11 AM	48.7	43.7	-	6	12
Sun 11, 10 AM	47.8	43.3	-	7	12
Sun 11, 9 AM	47.4	43.1	-	7	12
Sun 11, 8 AM	46.7	42.8	-	5	12
Sun 11, 7 AM	46.1	42.4	-	4	12
Sun 11, 6 AM	46.2	41.0	-	7	12
Sun 11, 5 AM	-	40.5	-	7	12
Sun 11, 4 AM	46.8	40.3	-	8	12
Sun 11, 3 AM	46.8	39.9	-	6	12
Sun 11, 2 AM	47.3	39.7	-	5	12
Sun 11, 1 AM	47.9	39.6	-	5	12
Sun 11, 12 AM	49.0	39.4	-	5	12
Sat 10, 11 PM	51.6	39.7	-	8	12
Sat 10, 10 PM	54.8	40.2	-	9	12
Sat 10, 9 PM	58.0	36.9	-	7	12
Sat 10, 8 PM	61.3	34.0	-	6	12
Sat 10, 7 PM	63.9	32.5	-	7	12
Sat 10, 6 PM	65.6	31.8	-	6	12
Sat 10, 5 PM	72.2	30.8	-	7	12
Sat 10, 4 PM	77.0	30.1	-	10	12
Sat 10, 3 PM	78.5	29.4	-	7	12
Sat 10, 2 PM	78.4	30.0	-	8	12
Sat 10, 1 PM	77.3	30.3	-	7	12
Sat 10, 12 PM	74.6	31.3	-	7	12
Sat 10, 11 AM	73.0	29.7	-	8	12
Sat 10, 10 AM	70.1	28.2	-	8	12
Sat 10, 9 AM	67.6	31.8	-	6	12
Sat 10, 8 AM	60.4	32.8	-	2	12
Sat 10, 7 AM	51.9	31.8	-	2	12
Sat 10, 6 AM	55.5	30.7	-	3	12
Sat 10, 5 AM	57.2	30.3	-	5	12
Sat 10, 4 AM	55.1	29.6	-	2	12
Sat 10, 3 AM	53.9	30.3	-	2	12
Sat 10, 2 AM	54.9	30.7	-	3	12
Sat 10, 1 AM	56.8	31.3	-	4	12
Sat 10, 12 AM	53.7	33.5	-	4	12
Fri 9, 11 PM	57.5	35.1	-	2	12
Fri 9, 10 PM	65.3	36.3	-	7	12
Fri 9, 9 PM	70.9	35.7	-	7	12
Fri 9, 8 PM	69.0	36.7	-	5	12
Fri 9, 7 PM	65.4	35.1	-	5	12
Fri 9, 6 PM	69.2	34.5	-	5	12
Fri 9, 5 PM	80.3	33.2	-	4	12
Fri 9, 4 PM	83.1	33.4	-	7	12
Fri 9, 3 PM	83.3	33.4	-	7	12
Fri 9, 2 PM	81.4	33.2	-	7	12
Fri 9, 1 PM	78.4	36.2	-	7	12
Fri 9, 12 PM	73.0	35.1	-	7	12
Fri 9, 11 AM	68.6	34.9	-	6	12
Fri 9, 10 AM	67.1	33.9	-	8	12
Fri 9, 9 AM	61.7	38.9	-	5	12
Fri 9, 8 AM	44.7	39.0	-	2	12

The readings these charts were drawn from, as a table

Day	High F	Low F	Highest dew point F	Lowest dew point F	Highest humidity %	Lowest humidity %	Precipitation in
Oct 16	36.5	23.0	27.9	20.0	88	70	0.00
Oct 15	47.1	36.5	44.3	25.6	94	50	0.01
Oct 14	57.9	24.4	44.2	21.6	92	39	0.20
Oct 13	52.0	28.2	36.6	25.9	92	52	0.00
Oct 12	48.0	40.6	42.4	31.9	93	66	0.02
Oct 11	50.2	42.4	44.7	39.2	92	66	0.02
Oct 10	79.0	49.5	41.0	27.2	66	16	0.00
Oct 9	83.7	37.9	42.9	31.7	87	16	0.00
Oct 8	75.4	32.7	39.7	25.4	81	23	0.00
Oct 7	76.8	32.5	39.2	25.6	86	16	0.00
Oct 6	81.7	34.2	40.5	17.2	85	9	0.00
Oct 5	89.2	32.2	44.7	23.4	90	10	0.00
Oct 4	74.8	31.6	39.0	27.3	86	24	0.00
Oct 3	70.5	37.8	50.4	28.3	88	24	0.02
Oct 2	72.1	44.4	43.2	30.0	83	30	0.00
Oct 1	57.9	46.2	41.3	25.1	78	30	0.01
Sep 30	80.2	38.5	43.0	34.6	88	22	0.00
Sep 29	79.9	43.0	55.5	24.9	93	14	0.00
Sep 28	73.6	56.3	60.7	53.0	92	57	0.00
Sep 27	70.2	46.6	53.0	30.2	86	27	0.07
Sep 26	76.3	45.5	57.0	32.4	89	21	0.00
Sep 25	75.6	43.3	56.6	40.9	91	39	0.00
Sep 24	80.2	43.5	55.4	38.0	94	23	0.00
Sep 23	80.8	50.9	57.1	48.4	91	39	0.00
Sep 22	68.2	51.3	54.6	44.8	87	57	0.00
Sep 21	61.2	52.9	51.3	47.8	92	67	0.02
Sep 20	57.4	52.7	54.8	49.7	91	85	0.43
Sep 19	63.5	55.6	56.8	52.8	93	69	0.00
Sep 18	74.3	56.3	58.3	53.7	92	56	0.05
Sep 17	75.7	40.5	57.5	38.0	92	43	0.03

Station report

Buffalo 13 ESE, in 5 sheets

Drawn from its report of Oct 16, 2026, 5:00 AM local time, in the manner of the Field Book, and opened beside the plates that explain each part of it.

1The air

Contents

23.0 F with a dew point of 20.0 F, 88 per cent relative humidity. Air lifted from the station would cool to its dew point, where cloud forms, about 700 ft up.

From the Field Book

FB-WAT-020, Fig. AFog types
The temperature within 3.0 F of the dew point: the air is close to fog.
FB-WAT-002, Fig. CHumidity variables
The same lift, worked for another air: how the humidity climbs as the air rises and cools.
FB-ENG-011, Fig. AWater vapour as a gas
How much vapour air can hold at each temperature, which sets the dew point.
FB-ENG-005, Fig. ALapse rates and stability
The dry rate the lifted air cools at, against the air around it.

2The wind

Contents

At 1 mph: force 1, a light air on the Beaufort scale.

From the Field Book

FB-EVT-150, Fig. AHigh wind
How a high wind reaches the ground, and the strengths a warning is issued at (40 mph sustained, 58 mph gusts).
FB-ENG-008, Fig. ACoriolis as geometry
Why large scale winds turn, and blow round a low rather than into it.

3The column

Contents

At 2,883 ft above sea level, 10 per cent of the atmosphere's air lies below the station. The standard atmosphere puts the pressure there at 26.93 inHg and the temperature at 48.7 F; it reports 23.0 F, 25.7 F colder than standard.

From the Field Book

FB-ENG-001, Fig. AAtmosphere in section
The whole standard atmosphere this station stands in, from the ground to the edge of space.
FB-ENG-003, Fig. CHydrostatic balance
Why a barometer 2,883 ft up reads less: it weighs only the air above it.

4The sun

Contents

On Oct 16 the noon sun stands 35 degrees above the horizon at 45.51 N, and the day is 10 h 45 min long. Level ground there takes 58 per cent of the noon sunlight a surface facing the sun would.

From the Field Book

FB-ENG-007, Fig. ARadiation budget
Where the sunlight that reaches this ground goes once it arrives.

5The instrument

Contents

A weather instrument, 2,883 ft above sea level. Its report of Oct 16, 2026, 5:00 AM local time is written on the sensors that made it.

From the Field Book

FB-INS-001, Fig. AWhat an instrument is
A surface station taken apart: what each of these sensors is.

Buffalo 13 ESE

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Buffalo 13 ESE Report

Buffalo 13 ESE, in 5 sheets

1The air

From the Field Book

2The wind

From the Field Book

3The column

From the Field Book

4The sun

From the Field Book

5The instrument

From the Field Book

What this instrument measures for

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